Slower reaction times on tasks (e.g., Trail Making Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test) indicate disrupted neural efficiency, commonly seen in mild-to-moderate TBI.

Sustained and divided attention scores on tasks like Continuous Performance Tests (CPT) highlight difficulties maintaining focus — a hallmark symptom after TBI.

Performance on digit span or n-back tasks reflects short-term memory and attention control. Declines suggest injury to frontal or parietal brain networks.

Delayed recall from word lists or visual figure reproduction shows hippocampal or temporal lobe disruption, frequently impacted in traumatic brain injuries.

Measures of planning, flexibility, and problem-solving (e.g., Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test) serve as biomarkers of frontal lobe and network integrity.

Validated scales measuring irritability, impulsivity, or mood swings act as biomarkers for orbitofrontal and limbic system dysfunction post-injury.